• Al-Kindi (801–873): Philosopher of the Arabs, optics, chemistry, and medicine.
• Al-Farabi (872–950): Logic, music theory, political science.
• Al-Razi (Rhazes) (854–925): Distinguished smallpox from measles, wrote on medicine and chemistry.

Medicine & Chemistry

• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037): Canon of Medicine, contagion, quarantine.
• Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013): Pioneer of modern surgery.

Math & Astronomy

• Al-Khwarizmi (780–850): Founder of Algebra, algorithms.
• Omar Khayyam (1048–1131): Advanced calendars and geometry.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274): Developed planetary models and trigonometry.

Geography & Optics

• Al-Idrisi (1100–1165): Created accurate world maps.
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040): Father of optics and the scientific method.
• Banu Musa Brothers (9th century): Invented mechanical devices, early automation.